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Can a Dvd+r Read a Burned Dvd-r Disc

Written By Friday, 4 March 2022 Add Comment Edit

Embedded Data: A DVD-R disc (also applies to DVD+R) which is only partially written to. Information is burned onto the disc with a writing laser.

Recordable optical disk technology

DVD recordable and DVD rewritable are optical disc recording technologies. Both terms depict DVD optical discs that can exist written to by a DVD recorder, whereas only 'rewritable' discs are able to erase and rewrite information. Data is written ('burned') to the disc by a laser, rather than the information being 'pressed' onto the disc during manufacture, like a DVD-ROM. Pressing is used in mass production, primarily for the distribution of home video.

Similar CD-Rs, DVD recordable uses dye to store the data. During the called-for of a single bit, the laser'southward intensity affects the reflective properties of the burned dye. Past varying the laser intensity quickly, high density information is written in precise tracks. Since written tracks are made of darkened dye, the data side of a recordable DVD has a distinct color. Burned DVDs have a higher failure-to-read rate than pressed DVDs, due to differences in the reflective properties of dye compared to the aluminum substrate of pressed discs.

Comparison recordable CDs and DVDs [edit]

The larger storage capacity of a DVD-R compared to a CD-R is achieved by focusing the light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation to a smaller point, creating smaller 'pits' as well as a finer track pitch of the groove spiral which guides the laser beam. These two changes let more pits to be written in the same concrete disc expanse, giving college information density. The smaller focus is possible with a shorter wavelength 'red' laser of 640 nm, compared to CD-R's wavelength of 780 nm. This is used in conjunction with a higher numerical aperture lens. The dyes used in each case are unlike as they are optimized for different wavelengths.

R and RW formats [edit]

DVD-RW discs on a spindle

"R" format DVDs tin exist written once and read arbitrarily many times, whereas "RW" formats can exist written to repeatedly. Thus, "R" format discs are only suited to not-volatile data storage, such every bit audio or video. This tin cause confusion because the 'DVD+RW Alliance' logo is a stylized 'RW'. Thus, many discs take the RW logo, but are not rewritable.

According to Pioneer, DVD-RW discs may be written to about 1,000 times before needing replacement.[1] RW discs are used to store volatile data, such as when creating backups or collections of files which are subject to change and re-writes. They are as well ideal for abode DVD video recorders, where it is advantageous to accept a rewritable format capable of digital video data speeds, while being removable, small, and relatively inexpensive. Another do good to using a rewritable disc is if the burning procedure produces errors or corrupted data, it can simply be written once again to correct the fault, or the corrupted information can be erased. This is also useful for testing optical disc authoring software.

DVD-R and DVD-RW (DVD "dash") [edit]

An internal DVD writer capable of burning either nuance or plus discs

The DVD-R format was developed by Pioneer in 1997.[2] It is supported by about normal DVD players and is approved past the DVD Forum. It has broader playback compatibility than DVD+R, especially with much older players.[ citation needed ] The dash format uses a "land pre-pit" method[iii] to provide sector address information.

DVD "minus" R is not correct, according to DVD-R consortium recommendations; it is, in fact, a nuance (i.eastward. DVD "nuance" R). DVD-R and DVD+R technologies are not directly uniform, which created a format war in the DVD technology industry. To reconcile the two competing formats, manufacturers created hybrid drives that could read both — most hybrid drives that handle both formats are labeled DVD±R and Super Multi (which includes DVD-RAM support) and are very popular.

DVD-RW versions [edit]

There take been iii revisions of DVD-RW known every bit Version one.0 (1999), Version 1.1 (2000) and Version i.2 (Nov 2003).[four]

The writing of DVD-RW Version 1.2 is not backwards-compatible with earlier optical drives that have only been adapted to Version 1.one and Version 1.0.[five] [six]

DVD-RW media exists in the recording speed variants of one× (discontinued), 2×, 4× and 6×. College speed variants, although compatible with lower writing speeds, are written to with the everyman error charge per unit at the rated speed, similarly to CD-RW.[vii] [8] [9] [5]

DVD+R and DVD+RW (DVD "plus") [edit]

History [edit]

The DVD+R format was developed by a coalition of corporations—at present known as the DVD+RW Brotherhood—in mid-2002 (though most of the initial advancement was from Sony). The DVD Forum initially did not approve of the DVD+R format and claimed that the DVD+R format was not an official DVD format until Jan 25, 2008.[10]

On 25 January 2008, DVD6C officially accepted DVD+R and DVD+RW by adding them to its list of licensable DVD products.[10]

Features [edit]

Wobble frequency [edit]

Adult past Philips and Sony with their DVD+RW Alliance, the "plus" format uses a more than reliable[ commendation needed ] bi-phase modulation technique[11] to provide 'sector' address information. It was introduced after the "-" format.

The wobble frequency has been increased from 140.6 kHz to 817.four kHz.[12]

Transfer rates [edit]

Like DVD-R (single-layer), DVD+R (single-layer) media officially exists with rated recording speeds of up to 16× (constant athwart velocity). Yet, on both +R and -R types, some models of half-pinnacle (desktop) optical drives let bypassing the rating and recording at speeds beyond 16× on selected recordable media by vendors considered of loftier quality, including Verbatim and Taiyo Yuden.

On dual-layer media, half-summit optical drives released towards 2010, such equally the 2007 TSSTcorp TS-H653B,[13] take adapted recording speeds of upwards to 16× on DVD+R DL media past selected vendors, compared to up to 12× on DVD-R DL. More recent optical drives have reduced their maximum allowable recording speed on both +R DL and -R DL media to viii×, usually P-CAV.[5] [eight] [14]

DVD+RW media exists with the writing speed ratings of 1×-four× and 2.iv×-8×.[15] [16]

Reading speeds (abiding angular velocity) on most one-half-height optical drives released since the mid-2000s decade are upward to sixteen× on DVD±R (single-layer) and 12× on DVD±R DL and DVD±RW.[8] [xiv] [5]

All abiding linear velocity transfer rates (read and write) of 2.0× on DVD-R/RW have been substituted with two.4× in the specification for DVD+R/RW. Thus, specification sheets of optical drives listing "two.4× CLV" instead of "2× CLV" as the base transfer charge per unit level for DVD+R/RW. Earlier optical drives also have a i.0× transfer rate level for both DVD-R/RW and DVD+R/RW.[five] [17] [eighteen]

Functionality [edit]

DVD+RW supports a method of writing chosen "lossless linking", which makes it suitable for random access and improves compatibility with DVD players.[19] The rewritable DVD+RW standard was formalized earlier than the non-rewritable DVD+R (the contrary was true with the DVD- formats). Although credit for developing the standard is often attributed to Philips, it was "finalized" in 1997 by the DVD+RW Alliance. It was then abased until 2001, when information technology was heavily revised (in particular, the chapters increased from 2.eight GB to 4.7GB).[ commendation needed ]

The simulated recording manner feature is no longer an official function of the standard similar information technology was for CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R and DVD-RW, although supported by Plextor optical drives.[twenty] [21]

Another distinction in comparison to DVD-R/RW/R DL is that the recorder information (optical bulldoze model) is non written automatically to DVD+ discs by the drive. Nero DiscSpeed allows proprietarily calculation such information for afterwards retrieval.[22]

Other changes include the removal of a dedicated SCSI erase command in optical drives, which is washed by the software instead that overwrites data with null characters. This means that the standard does not allow reverting the disc to a blank (unwritten) state after the start write.[23]

DVD+RW DL was once developed and announced by JVC only it was never sold due to problems with its low reflectivity (Dual layer).[24] [25] [26] [27]

As of 2006, the market for recordable DVD technology showed little sign of settling downward in favour of either the "plus" or "dash" formats, which is more often than not the issue of the increasing numbers of dual-format devices that tin record to both formats, known as DVD Multi Recorders.[28] It has go very difficult to find new computer drives that can only record to one of the formats. Past contrast, DVD Video recorders still[ when? ] favour one format over the other, often providing restrictions on what the unfavoured format will practise.[29] Still, because the DVD-R format has been in use since 1997, it has had a five-yr atomic number 82 on DVD+R. As such, older or cheaper DVD players (up to 2004 vintage) are more than likely to favour the DVD-R standard exclusively.[thirty] [ improve source needed ]

DVD+R discs must be formatted earlier being recorded by a compatible DVD video recorder. DVD-R do not have to be formatted before being recorded past a compatible DVD video recorder,because the two variants of the discs are written in different formats [ clarification needed ] (see DVD+VR and DVD-VR respectively).

There are a number of significant technical differences betwixt the "dash" and the "plus" format, although nigh users would not notice the difference. Ane case is that the DVD+R style accost in pregroove (ADIP) system of tracking and speed control is less susceptible to interference and error, which makes the ADIP system more accurate at higher speeds than the country pre pit (LPP) system used by DVD-R. In addition, DVD+R(W) has a more robust fault-direction system than DVD-R(W), allowing for more accurate burning to media, independent of the quality of the media. The practical event is that a DVD+R writer is able to locate data on the disc to byte accuracy whereas DVD-R is incapable of such precision.

DVD+R also has a larger Power Calibration Surface area (PCA). The PCA in DVD+R has a length of 32768 sectors, compared to the 7088 of DVD-R. In the PCA, which is located close to the inner edge of the disc, a 15-pace process is carried out to calibrate (vary the power of) the disc drive's laser earlier every and during writing, to allow for small differences betwixt discs and drives. This process is known as a power exam. Scale during writing allows for small changes in quality between different sections of the disc, such as slightly different optical properties, impurities or dye layer thickness in either the plastic or dye. The results of the power tests are stored in a Recording Direction Area (RMA), which can hold up to vii,088 calibrations (in DVD-R). The disc can not be written to later the RMA becomes full, although information technology may be emptied in RW discs. CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-R DL, DVD+R DL, DVD+RW and DVD-R all accept a PCA. CDs (and possibly DVDs) may too accept ii PCAs: one on the inner edge of the disc, for low speed testing, and another on the outer edge for high speed testing. [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]

Additional session linking methods are more accurate with DVD+R(West) versus DVD-R(W), resulting in fewer damaged or unusable discs due to buffer under-run and multi-session discs with fewer PI/PO errors.[39]

Like other "plus" media, it is possible to alter the book type to increase the compatibility of DVD+R media (though dissimilar DVD+RW, information technology is a one manner process). This is also known equally bitsetting.[40]

DVD-RAM [edit]

As RAM stands for Random Access Memory, information technology works more or less like a hard-drive and was designed for corporate back-up utilise. Developed in 1996, DVD-RAM is a rewritable optical disc originally encased in a cartridge. Currently available in standard 4.7 GB (and sometimes in other sizes), it is useful in applications that require quick revisions and rewriting. It tin can only be read in drives that are DVD-RAM compatible, of which all multi-format drives are. DVD Forum backs this format. It uses physical dedicated sector markers (visible as rectangles on the read side of the disc) instead of the pre-pits or wobbles used in other types of recordable and rewritable media.

Multi-format drives can read and write more one format; eastward.m. DVD±R(W) (DVD plus-dash recordable and rewritable) is used to refer to drives that can write/rewrite both plus and nuance formats, only non necessarily DVD-RAM. Drives marked "DVD Multi Recorder" support DVD±R(W) and DVD-RAM.[28]

Sizes [edit]

DVD recordable media are sold in two standard sizes, a regular 12 cm size for home recording and computer usage, and a pocket-size 8 cm size (sometimes known as a miniDVD) for use in meaty camcorders. The smaller Mini DVD-RW, for example, holds 1.46 GB.[41]

Speed [edit]

Bulldoze speed Information charge per unit Disc write time Equivalent CD rate Reading speed
1× 11.08 Mbit/s i.385 MB/south 53 min 9× viii×–eighteen×
2× 22.sixteen Mbit/s two.770 MB/s 27 min 18× 20×–24×
4× 44.32 Mbit/s 5.540 MB/south 14 min 36× 24×–32×
5× 55.40 Mbit/south 6.925 MB/s 11 min 45× 24×–32×
half-dozen× 66.48 Mbit/s viii.310 MB/s 9 min 54× 24×–32×
8× 88.64 Mbit/s 11.080 MB/s seven min 72× 32×–40×
ten× 110.80 Mbit/s 13.850 MB/s half-dozen min 90× 32×–forty×
16× 177.28 Mbit/s 22.160 MB/southward four min 144× 32×–40×
18× 199.44 Mbit/s 24.930 MB/due south iii min 162× 32×–twoscore×
20× 221.60 Mbit/southward 27.700 MB/s 2 min 180× 32×–40×
24× 265.92 Mbit/s 33.240 MB/due south 2 min 216× 32×–48×

Notes:

  • The rotation speed of DVD at ×1 CAV (~580 rpm) is around three times as high as CD at ×1 (~200 rpm)
  • Disc write time in tabular array does not include overhead, leadout, etc.

The following table describes the maximal speed of DVD-R and the relative typical write time for a full disc co-ordinate to the reviews from cdrinfo.com and cdfreaks.com. Many reviews of multiple brand names on varying conditions of hardware and DVD give much lower and wider measurements than the optimal numbers below.

The write time may vary (± xxx s) between writer and media used. For high speed, the write strategy changes from abiding linear velocity (CLV) to constant angular velocity (CAV), or zoned constant linear velocity (ZCLV). The table beneath largely assumes CAV.

Drive speed Data rate (MB/s) Data rate (Mbit/s) Write fourth dimension for unmarried-layer DVD-R
1× one.32 x.56 1 hr
2× two.64 21.12 30 minutes (CLV)
iv× v.28 42.24 15 minutes (CLV)
8× 10.56 84.48 8 minutes (ZCLV)
16× 21.12 168.96 v min 45 sec (CAV)
18× 23.76 190.08 5 min thirty sec (CAV)
20× 26.xl 211.20 v minutes (CAV)
22× 29.04 232.32 4 min 30 sec (CAV)
24×[42] 31.68 253.44 ~4 minutes (CAV)

Adoption [edit]

Some one-half-meridian DVD Multi Recorder drives released since 2007, such as the TSSTcorp SH-S203/TS-H653B (2007) have officially adapted support for writing speeds of up to 12× on DVD-R DL and sixteen× on DVD+R DL (on recordable media past selected vendors simply), while more than recent DVD writers such equally the SH-224DB (2013) and Blu-Ray writers such equally the LG BE16NU50 (2016) accept restricted the supported DVD±R DL writing speed to 8×.[seven] [8]

Capacities [edit]

Most DVD±R/RWs are advertised using the definition of 1 gigabyte = 1 GB = ane,000,000,000 bytes.[43] This tin exist confusing for many users since a 4.vii GB (4.seven billion bytes) DVD that is advertised as such might show up on their device equally having four.38 GiB (depending on what type of prefixes their device uses).[44]

Format Decimal Capacity Binary Capacity
DVD±R 4.70 GB four.38 GiB
DVD±RW iv.70 GB four.38 GiB
DVD±R DL eight.55 GB viii.fifteen GiB
DVD-RAM 4.70 GB 4.38 GiB
MiniDVD 1.46 GB 1.39 GiB
MiniDVD DL 2.66 GB 2.54 GiB

Quality and longevity [edit]

According to a study published in 2008 by the Preservation Enquiry and Testing Division of the U.Due south. Library of Congress, most recordable CD products have a higher probability of greater longevity compared to recordable DVD products.[45]

Media of higher quality tends to last longer. Using surface error scanning, the rate of correctable errors can be measured. A higher charge per unit of errors indicates media of lower quality and/or deteriorating media. It may too indicate scratches and/or information written by a defective optical bulldoze.

Not all optical bulldoze models are able to browse the disc quality.[46]

Disc construction [edit]

R format [edit]

DVD-R discs are composed of two 0.6 mm acrylic discs, bonded with an adhesive to each other. 1 contains the light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation guiding groove and is coated with the recording dye and a argent alloy or gold reflector. The other one (for single-sided discs) is an ungrooved 'dummy' disc to assure mechanical stability of the sandwich structure, and compatibility with the meaty disc standard geometry which requires a total disc thickness of about ane.2 mm. The sandwich construction also helps protect the layer containing data from scratches with a thick "dummy" disc, a problem with CDs, which lack that construction. Double-sided discs take ii grooved, recordable disc sides, and require the user to flip the disc to access the other side. Compared to a CD's 1.2 mm thickness, a DVD'due south laser beam only has to penetrate 0.6 mm of plastic in gild to reach the dye recording layer, which allows the lens to focus the beam to a smaller spot size to write smaller pits.

In a DVD-R, the addressing (the conclusion of location of the laser beam on the disc) is done with boosted pits and lands (called country pre-pits) in the areas between the grooves. The groove on a DVD-R disc has a constant wobble frequency of 140.half-dozen kHz used for motor command, etc.

In 2011, JVC announced an archival DVD recording medium manufactured with quality control and inspection frequencies techniques greater than is traditionally used in media manufacturing, and using specially developed silvery alloy equally a reflective layer and organic dye with in-house developed additives to secure long-term information retention.[47]

RW format [edit]

The recording layer in DVD-RW and DVD+RW is not an organic dye, only a special phase alter metal blend, ofttimes GeSbTe. The alloy tin be switched dorsum and forth between a crystalline phase and an baggy phase, irresolute the reflectivity, depending on the power of the laser beam. Data can thus be written, erased and re-written.[48]

Dual layer [edit]

In October 2003, it was demonstrated that double layer technology could be used with a DVD+R disc to nearly double the capacity to 8.v GB per disc.[ citation needed ] These dual layer (DL) versions, DVD-R DL appeared on the market place in 2005.

A specification for dual-layer DVD-RW discs with a capacity of 8.5 GB (8,500,000,000 bytes) was approved by the DVD Forum,[49] and JVC appear their development of the starting time media in the format in 2005.[50] A double-layer DVD+RW specification was canonical in March 2006 with a capacity of 8.v GB.[51] However, manufacturing support for these rewritable dual-layer discs did not materialize due to costs and expected competition from newer and higher-capacity formats similar Blu-ray and Hard disk DVD.

Meet as well [edit]

  • DVD
  • DVD recorder (DVDR)
  • DVD-R DL
  • CD-R
  • DVD+R DL
  • DVD+RW DL
  • DVD-RAM
  • MiniDVD
  • MultiLevel Recording, an obsolete technology (with non-binary modulation)
  • Blu-ray Disc
  • Blu-ray Disc recordable
  • List of DVD recordable manufacturers

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Pioneer Announces New, Lower Prices for DVD-R and DVD-RW Media". Pioneer Electronics USA.
  2. ^ "History of Pioneer Corporation". Pioneer Corporation. Archived from the original on 2017-07-15. Retrieved 2019-12-06 .
  3. ^ "80 mm (1,23 Gbytes per side) and 120 mm (3,95 Gbytes per side) DVD-Recordable Disk (DVD-R)" (standard). ECMA. Dec 1998. 279. Retrieved 2013-01-29 .
  4. ^ "Agreement DVD - Physical, Logical and Application Specifications". www.osta.org. Optical Storage Technology Association. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e Pioneer computer drive archive
  6. ^ "Observe to the DVD-RW Volume Subscribers" (2004-02-25). www.dvdforum.org . Retrieved 27 July 2020. Important Notice to the subscribers of the DVD-RW Format Specifications Book Ver.i.2
  7. ^ a b Archive of discontinued Hitachi-LG Data Storage optical drives
  8. ^ a b c d Annal of TSSTcorp optical drive manuals
  9. ^ "Ritek DVD-RW tests". Club Myce - Knowledge is Power. Social club Myce. 24 September 2003. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  10. ^ a b "DVD6C Announces New Licensing Program". DVD6C LA. Archived from the original on 2008-01-29. Retrieved 2008-01-25 .
  11. ^ "Data Interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm Optical Disk using +R Format – Chapters: iv,vii and 1,46 Gbytes per Side (Recording speed up to 16×)" (standard) (quaternary ed.). ECMA. June 2008. p. 4. 349. Retrieved 2013-01-29 .
  12. ^ "Why DVD+R(W) is superior to DVD-R(Westward) - Myce.com". June 23, 2003. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  13. ^ "Super -writemaster DVD Author SH-S203B(TS-H653B)/ SH-S203D(TS-H653D)" (PDF) (User manual) (in Korean). Samsung Electronics. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2020-08-07 .
  14. ^ a b Annal of discontinued Hitachi-LG Data Storage optical drives
  15. ^ "Maxell DVD+RW RITEK...004 4x DVD Media". VideoHelp. 2006. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  16. ^ "DVD+RW 4x RITEK-004-000". www.ez647.sk . Retrieved thirteen August 2020.
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  19. ^ "Range Of Available Standards - DVD Burner Examination: Seven Times The Chapters". 7 February 2003. Retrieved 30 Dec 2016.
  20. ^ Maguin, T. (2014-02-26). "cdvdcontrol • homo page". helpmanual.io . Retrieved thirteen August 2020.
  21. ^ "AOpen DVD+RW RW5120A Manual Germany" (PDF). ftp.AOpen.com (in German). AOpen, Inc. 2002. Retrieved 13 Baronial 2020.
  22. ^ "CD-DVD Speed Recorder Information". ImgBurn. 2006-07-30. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  23. ^ van Hove, Peter (2012 or earlier). "Quick erased (blanked) CD-RW vs. DVD-RW vs. DVD+RW, what's recoverable and how". IsoBuster. Archived from the original on 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2020-07-19 .
  24. ^ "JVC announces first rewritable single-sided dual layer DVDs". Engadget.
  25. ^ "JVC | DVD-RW 8.5GB DL Rewritable DVD (2) | VDWDL85GU2 | B&H;". February 21, 2009. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009.
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  27. ^ "Dual Layer DVD Re-writable Formats On the Style". June 7, 2006.
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  32. ^ "Optiarc--products were developed specifically for the professional person digital content market". world wide web.optiarcinc.com.
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  34. ^ "Ability Calibration Mistake Messages". March 27, 2010. Archived from the original on March 27, 2010.
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  36. ^ "Optical disk device".
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  39. ^ McFarland, Patrick (Oct 30, 2006), How To Cull CD/DVD Archival Media, Advert terras pera spera .
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  45. ^ CD-R and DVD-R RW Longevity Enquiry, US: Library of Congress .
  46. ^ "QPxTool glossary". qpxtool.sourceforge.io. QPxTool. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  47. ^ JVC introduces archival grade DVD-R media, Broadcast technology, November 23, 2011, archived from the original on June xiv, 2012 .
  48. ^ "DVD Types | DVD-RAM vs DVD-RW vs DVD-R vs DVD+R vs DVD+RW". Nordex Media. 6 May 2017. Retrieved xxx July 2020.
  49. ^ DVD Specifications for Re-recordable Disc for Dual Layer (DVD-RW for DL) Physical Specifications, Version ii.0
  50. ^ "JVC Develops World'south Offset Single-sided, Dual Layer DVD-RW Disc Technology" (PDF). 2005-04-04. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-21. Retrieved 2016-03-25 . Victor Visitor of Nihon, Ltd. (JVC) is pleased to announce that it has developed the earth'southward outset [as of April iv, 2005] single-sided, dual layer DVD-RW disc technology with a maximum storage capacity of 8.5GB
  51. ^ DVD+RW office 2: Dual Layer, volume 1; DVD+RW 8.v Gbytes, Basic Format Specifications, version one.0, March 2006

Bibliography [edit]

  • Bennett, Hugh (July 1998), "In DVD's Ain Image: DVD-R Engineering science and Promise", EMedia Professional, pp. xxx+ .
  • ——— (Apr 2004), Agreement Recordable & Rewritable DVD, Cupertino: Optical Storage Technology Association .
  • ISO/IEC 17341:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and fourscore mm optical disk using +RW format -- Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 4X)
  • ISO/IEC 26925:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW HS format -- Chapters: four,seven Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed 8X)
  • ISO/IEC 29642:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW DL format -- Chapters: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed two,4X)

External links [edit]

  • DVD Forum .
  • "Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD", Technology, Osta .
  • Why DVD+R(W) is superior to DVD-R(Due west), Myce .
  • Care and Treatment of CDs and DVDs (report), Clir, 121 .
  • lxxx mm (i.23 GB per side) and 120 mm (3.95 GB per side) DVD-Recordable Disc (DVD-R) (standard), ECMA, 279 .
  • Data interchange on 120 mm and fourscore mm Optical Disc using +R format (technical specification), ISO/IEC, 2005, 17344 .
  • Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +R DL format – Capacity: 8.55 GB and 2.66 GB per side (recording speed upwards to 16×) (technical specification), ISO/IEC, 2008, 25434 .
  • What's the difference betwixt DVD-R and DVD+R? (Q&A), DVD demystified, archived from the original on August 22, 2009 .
  • ISO/IEC 17342, eighty mm (1,46 Gbytes per side) and 120 mm (4,70 Gbytes per side) DVD re-recordable disk (DVD-RW)
  • ISO/IEC 17342:2004 - publicly available standard
  • Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD by Hugh Bennett
  • Why DVD+R(W) is superior to DVD-R(West)
  • "Recorder and method for recording information on a write once recording medium". 23 June 2004. Retrieved xxx July 2020.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_recordable

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